The Library of Congress` Congressional Research Service (CRS) works exclusively for the United States Congress, providing political and legal analysis to committees and members of the House and Senate, regardless of political affiliation. CRS provides Congress with authoritative, confidential, objective and impartial analysis. The best analogy I`ve read so far. Well done! (My husband wanted to be a diver at USN. It was an aquatic beetle (surfers and swim teams). I don`t remember exactly what came out of it, I think it had something to do with his people or his commander holding him, I don`t remember the reason. An invoice identical word for word to another invoice. Invoices are said to be identical only in the phase introduced, although a later version (e.g. notified or adopted) of a draft law could meet the same criteria of textual similarity. In the early 1970s, however, many scholars accepted that “life, liberty, or property” was directly affected by government action and wanted these concepts to be interpreted broadly. Two Supreme Court cases concerned State university teachers whose employment contracts had not been renewed as planned because of certain political positions they had taken. Do they have a hearing before they can be treated that way? In the past, a state job was a “privilege” and the answer to that question was a resounding “no”! Now, the court has ruled that whether either teacher had “property” would depend anyway on whether the people in their position held any form of employment under state law. A teacher has just had a short-term contract; Because he served “at will” – with no claim from the state or expectation of continuation – he had no “claim” after his contract expired.
The other teacher was working under a longer-term agreement that school officials had apparently encouraged him to consider continuous. This could create a “claim,” the court said; The expectation need not be based on legislation and it has been shown that an established custom treats trainers who have taught for X years as permanent employees. Thus, while a rights-based relationship or expectation of continuance had to be proven before a federal court said the trial was “due,” constitutional “property” was no longer just what the common law called “property”; It now included any legal relationship with the state, which in some sense regarded state law as a “claim” of the citizen. Licenses, government agencies protected by the public service, or places on welfare lists were all defined by state law as relationships that the citizen was allowed to retain until there was a reason to remove them, and therefore a lawsuit was due before they could be withdrawn. This reinforced the formal idea of “law/privilege,” but in a way that recognized citizens` new dependence on government relations, the “new property,” as one scholar called it influential. Just as case law has interpreted when due process is to be applied, others have determined the types of proceedings that are constitutionally due. This is a question that needs to be answered for criminal proceedings (where the Bill of Rights gives many explicit answers), for civil proceedings (where the long history of English practice offers some milestones) and for administrative proceedings that did not appear in the legal landscape until about a century after the initial adoption of the due process clause. Since there are the fewest attractions, administrative cases are the most difficult issues, and these are the ones we will discuss.
Unlike public bills (which apply to public affairs and treat individuals only by class), a private bill proposes to provide limited benefits to one or more specific persons (including businesses or institutions), usually when no other recourse is available. Brief explanations of the legal terms used throughout the Congress.gov. Detailed descriptions can be found in “About” committees, committee reports, Senate notices, congressional records, legislation, membership, appointments and contract documents. Some/Several: Again, there is no hard and fast rule. “Some” could be the same as “some” or it could be more, up to “many.” You might have “several dollars” in your pocket, or you might have “money” in your wallet, and these amounts can vary greatly both in your head and in the minds of your listeners/readers. If they are both adjectives, they can certainly be called redundant, but is redundancy that bad? Textbook writing will tell you that yes, that`s it; However, sometimes it can be helpful. Words that mean essentially the same thing are often used together to emphasize them, and in some cases their occurrence is so common that they are overlooked as redundant and called. Well, at least safe. For example, consider “future plans”, “blend in”, “surround completely”, “proximity to proximity”, “history”, “retreat”, “end goal/outcome”. Common and generally acceptable constructions, right? In its early judgments, the Supreme Court seemed to indicate that when only property rights were at stake (and especially when there was a demonstrable urgency for public action), the necessary hearings could be postponed to follow provisional or even irreversible government measures.
This assumption changed in 1970 with Goldberg v. Kelly, a case arising out of a government-administered welfare program. The Court held that before a State terminates the benefits of a social assistance recipient, it must hold a full hearing before a Hearing Officer and concluded that the due process clause required such a hearing. Due process has been interpreted to include elements such as the right to work in a normal type of work, to marry and to raise one`s children as a parent. In Lochner v. New York (1905), the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional a New York law regulating bakers` hours of work and held that the public benefit of the law was insufficient to justify the bakers` substantive right to due process to work on their own terms. Due process is still invoked in cases today, but not without criticism (see this Stanford Law Review article for due process applied to contemporary issues). That is absolutely correct. If a couple were synonymous with two, it would be an empty word, the purpose of encompassing more than 2 (unless you`re talking about two things that are always related, like 2 people in a close relationship). Of course, the right answer to these questions is always (i) it depends on where you are, as local customs are different, and (ii) context is also important.
But I think these words are not synonymous with 2 and 3 and a little more than 3, these are domains that are used to intentionally introduce some uncertainty, either because the speaker does not know the exact number, or because he wants to maintain some flexibility or ambiguity. And the reason we have these debates about “one couple,” “some,” and “many” is because we don`t all agree on exactly where the domains are, in our own use or in the general use around us. The same treatment that can thwart breast cancer has a dark side – it can fuel the spread of the disease to the lungs. — USA Today, October 1, 2017 A Senate amendment is proposed or offered when a senator is approved by the president, sends his amendment to the table (or identifies a request for change that is already on the table) and the amendment is read by the clerk of the court. The amendment is pending before the Senate and remains pending until it is completed by the Senate. Sometimes the term “called” is used instead of “proposed” or “offered”. In my experience, even “a couple” is not interpreted by everyone to mean the same thing. It is generally thought to mean “two”, but not always. The Legislative Indexing Vocabulary (LIV) was the thesaurus of the Congressional Research Service (CRS) from 1973 to 2008.
This controlled vocabulary provided access to legislative documents, public policy materials, and CRS products on specific topics. With the increasing availability of electronic full-text documents and the accompanying search functions, the level of detail used by LIV has become redundant and the modernization and rationalization of the vocabulary assigned by CRS analysts for classification and group legislation has begun. These efforts have resulted in the much more compact list of legislative terms that has been used since 2009. “Some”, “several” and “some” are interchangeable and indefinite, although they are more than two, but are not large quantities. “Some” also works for amounts of something, like “a little soda” or “rice.” I have always considered “some” of these terms as an approximate percentage of the total potential number or an absolute approximation in the specific context, with the exception of single and couple. The Fifth Amendment`s reference to “due process” is just one of many promises of protection that the Bill of Rights gives citizens against the federal government. Originally, these promises did not apply to the states at all (see Barron v City of Baltimore (1833)). However, this position faded in Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company v.
City of Chicago (1897) when the court incorporated the Fifth Amendment Clause. In the mid-twentieth century, a series of Supreme Court decisions concluded that the due process clause “incorporated” most important elements of the Bill of Rights and made them applicable to states.