Dry area at low tide (LW) and submerged at high tide (HW), where LW and HW refer to the average spring tide. The beach wall, tidal flats and (parts of) salt marshes are intertidal zones. The transition zone between the river and the marine environment. A common definition is: a semi-enclosed coastal water body that has a free connection to the open sea and in which seawater is measurably diluted with fresh water from land drainage. Strong tides usually penetrate much further upstream than seawater. From a morphological and sedimentary point of view, it is therefore more logical to consider the upstream estuary boundary as the place where tidal flows become much smaller than runoff, rather than the intrusive seawater boundary. See: Seawater intrusion and mixing in estuaries, Estuary morphology. Coastal erosion is the process of wear and tear of coastal profile materials due to an imbalance in the supply and export of materials from a particular section. A distinction must be made between unintentional coastal erosion and persistent coastal erosion. Sheet sediment transport refers to the transport of sandy sediments in the form of a thin, fluidized surface layer (thickness of ten to several tens of grain diameters). This type of sediment transport takes place under a strong wave movement (wave orbital velocity greater than 1 m/s), where the bed waves are flattened.
In the leaf flow layer, continuous contacts between the grains of sand create intergranular tension. This voltage reduces the velocity in the sheet flow layer to about half the speed in the upper layer. The concentration of sediment in the flow layer of the layer is of the order of 100 to 1000 kg/m3. See: Sediment Transport Formulas for the Coastal Environment. any activity likely to alter in any way the physical nature of the coastal zone, including the construction of buildings and structures, the dumping of wastes or other matter from discharges, ships or otherwise, the removal of sand, shellfish, natural vegetation, seaweed and other substances, dredging and stacking, land reclamation and mineral extraction or drilling; but excluding fishing activities. Three different definitions of protection/defence are used below: The mutual interaction of coastal morphology with hydrodynamic influences (tides, currents, waves). This interaction occurs through sedimentation, erosion and sediment transport processes. Tides, currents and waves adapt to the constraints imposed by the morphology of a coastal system (delta, estuary, beach, etc.).
The morphology of a coastal system adapts to the tides, currents and waves to which it is exposed. This mutual adaptation, which is always highly non-linear, produces morphological patterns such as channel meanders, tidal flats, ebb deltas, coastal sandbanks, beach berms, sand ridges, waves, etc. As a result, large-scale coastal morphology evolves into a slow-moving state of morphodynamic equilibrium in which smaller morphological models evolve in a quasi-cyclical (usually non-deterministic) manner on much smaller time scales. The coastal zone is a place of intimate interactions between land, ocean and atmosphere, which makes it exceptionally active both biologically and geochemically. It is also dynamic both spatially and temporally and is therefore very complex and difficult to sample representatively. Generally defined by a limiting depth of 200 m, it encompasses a wide range of morphologies (e.g. large closed basins for open plateaus), current regimes, and types of ecology and ecosystems (e.g. mangroves, salt marshes and tidal mudflats with pelagic and benthic open water regimes).
Thanks to rivers, groundwater and atmospheric deposition, the coastal zone is the immediate vessel for virtually all solids and solutes transferred from land to sea, but it also has important interactions with the high seas, including net carbon exports. Despite the small area (∼8%) of the ocean it represents, it is exceptionally important in terms of carbon production, cycling and discharge, as well as other processes that serve as key sources or sinks in the overall cycles of other important bioelements, as well as trace metals and micronutrients. Estuaries and coasts are also centres for large and growing human populations and related commercial, industrial and agricultural activities, and coastal environments (on land and at sea) are therefore directly exposed to increasing anthropogenic impacts. The coastal current or coastal current is the dominant current in the littoral zone and runs parallel to the shore. The coastal current is generated by the parallel component to the coast of the stresses associated with the fracture process for oblique incident waves, called radiation stresses. See: Coastal flow and shallow water wave theory. Coastal zones should be zoned. The growth of cities and the emergence of new cities (e.g. Pampa Melchorita, Lima region) not only affect agricultural areas that serve as buffer zones for pollution and climate regulators alongside cities, but also directly damage areas of high biodiversity such as coastal wetlands, estuaries, lagoons and natural mussel beds.
Therefore, there is a need to increase the number of marine protected areas (MPAs), which should guide coastal industrial development according to sustainable standards in terms of ecosystem functioning. Oblique incident waves that are trapped by breaking waves and reflection on the shore. Long-period fractureable waves (infragravity waves), which are not strongly dispersed in the coastal zone, cannot escape into deep water after reflection, but continue to migrate along the shore. The legal definition of the continental shelf differs from the geographical definition. According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, each nation has a continental shelf that extends no more than 200 nautical miles from the coast of the country. See: Maritime Legislation. This article provides an overview of the terminology commonly used in the coastal Wiki. The focus is on terms related to coastal physical processes and engineering. For an additional list of definitions related to the living environment, see the article Definitions of marine ecological terms. The amount of sediment transported by the movement of water (currents and/or waves). Sediment transport is a crucial link in the interaction between the morphological development of the coast and waves, currents and tides.
Sedimentation is related to the convergence of sediment transport and erosion with the divergence of sediment transport. Sediment transport is done in different ways: transport of suspended loads, transport of bed loads and movement of fluid sludge. Suspended charge transport is the transport of sedimentary particles suspended in the liquid. Bed load transport is the transport of sediment particles that roll or jump along the seabed.