The lives of shepherds changed considerably during colonial rule. Their pastures were restricted, their freedom of movement was restricted, and the amount of money they had to pay increased. Their agricultural stock has decreased, as has their handicrafts. The colonial government wanted to convert all pastures to agricultural fields. In the mid-nineteenth century, several forest laws were introduced in the various provinces. Finally, British officials were aware of the existence of nomads. They feared them and called them criminal tribes. The main reasons are: Because the colonial state wanted to convert all pastures to cultivated farms, the colonial state wanted to convert all pastures to cultivated farms. One of the main sources of funding was land revenue. Its income could be increased by developing culture. It could simultaneously produce more jute, cotton, wheat and other agricultural products for England. To colonial administrators, all wasteland seemed unproductive: it generated neither money nor agricultural production.

It was considered a “wasteland” that had to be cultivated. The British introduced a grazing tax that forced herders, ____ Nomadism is a way of life in which people continue to move and do not live long in one place, neither cyclically nor regularly. It differs from migration, which is non-cyclical and involves complete habitat displacement. Nomadism does not mean traveling unhindered and aimless; Rather, it is based on temporary centers, whose stability depends on the availability of food and the technology to use it. Nomads are divided into three types: nomadic hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads, and amateur or merchant nomads. The Maasai civilization was divided into two social divisions during the pre-colonial period: the ancients and the warriors. In order to manage Maasai affairs, the British issued a number of directives. Maasai chiefs have been appointed for various subgroups.

The chiefs were given authority over the affairs of the tribe. Raids and fighting were subject to a number of prohibitions. This led to the loss of authority for elders and soldiers. Over time, a leader chosen by the colonial authority usually acquired wealth. They could now buy livestock, property and land. They also provided financial support to those in need. One of the detailed essays contained by Amiya Kumar Bagchi in “Colonialism and Indian Economy” (www.oup.com) deals with “Land Taxation, Property Rights and Peasant Insecurity in Colonial India.” In analysing the case of the Bombay Deccan districts in the nineteenth century, the author regrets that the problem of fragile ecology and dangerous peasant production can be exacerbated by state policies on property rights and taxation. For a citizen of India, the duty is to pay taxes: Question 2: What has defined the seasonal rhythm of the pastoral movement in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh? Many of them began to settle in cities and commerce. As a result, leaders have grown in power. The poor shepherds did not have the resources to weather the storm. Many of them were forced to travel to cities in search of work. The majority of them continued to do odd jobs.

Some people are lucky enough to be able to work regularly in road or building construction. An informative study that takes you on a journey back in time and unravels the roots of many of today`s problems. In the second system, the Raiyats or occupiers (not necessarily farmers) of the country would have to pay property taxes directly to the government. “The amount of tax could vary from period to period: initially it varied from year to year, but over time the procedure was introduced to carry out regular surveys of the fiscal capacity of a particular region and to revise taxes (“basic income”) accordingly.” In many areas, however, the Raiyats were a privileged group like the Mirasdars, the Patidars or the great sharers of Bhaiyachara`s possessions, informs the essay. “The British tried to settle in certain areas with the so-called village communities, which were dominated by such great men of the country. Almost inevitably, they eventually had to deal with individual partners in these village communities, although some dignitaries were supposed to be responsible for paying the tax. While British rulers in India are credited with introducing the concept of general private property into the Indian legal system, there was a conflict because land taxes also financed colonial conquest and domination in India, Bagchi believes. The system is better known as “zamindari” because “it was only in the case of these large taxpayers (usually referred to as zamindars in British documents) that the amount of tax on a particular piece of land was fixed permanently.” Development of forest laws in British times in India Colonial powers competed for territorial possessions in 1885.

Maasailand divided the international border between British Kenya and German Tanganyika into two halves. The Maasai lost 60% of their pre-colonial territory. For an agricultural system that depended primarily on rainfall, there was already a risk of different productivity in a subtropical climate. To this “natural” risk was added what British policy implied. 1856: Lord Dalhousie stresses the importance of a clear forest policy. Railways were first introduced in India in 1853, from Mumbai to Thane. One of the main reasons for this awareness was the increasing difficulty of obtaining an adequate supply of wood (necessary for the massive expansion of railway lines under construction at the time). Chennai: 13/07/2010: Business sector: Book value Column: Title: Colonialism and Indian economy. Author: Amiya Kumar Bagchi.

The seasonal rhythms of the pastoral movement in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh were determined by alternating monsoon and dry seasons. During the dry season, they moved to coastal locations and then left when the rain came. The British were wary of the mobile craftsmen and businessmen who sold their wares in the communities, as well as shepherds who moved from season to season in search of suitable pastures for their flocks. Those who lived in populated areas were considered peaceful and law-abiding, while those who lived in nomadic areas were considered criminals. The Indian colonial authority passed the Criminal Tribes Act in 1871. Its features are- The two main property tax systems, as you may know, were Zamindari and Raiyatwari. The first was the so-called permanent settlement, or Cornwallis system, which was applied to Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, the first very large territory conquered by the British in India, the author informs.